Alopecia (Baldness)

What is Alopecia
Alopecia is an autoimmune state which results in the loss of hair. In this disorder, the body’s immune system mistakenly stops the growth of hair because of unidentified reasons. The loss of hair might be sparse or patchy and may involve scalp as well as rest of the body. Mostly men and very few women are affected from Alopecia (hair fall). However, some cases of Alopecia may worsen to an illness or disorder like telogen effluvium or alopecia areata. As a solution to hair loss, patients can get hair replaced artificially and any damage caused by loss of hair can be repaired cosmetically.

Symptoms of Alopecia
The most common symptom of Alopecia is baldness. Then comes the patchy hair loss and the exposed skin might be scaly or red. In some patients Alopecia is identified from pitted or split nails. Some other symptoms include excessive hair-drying or shampoo, and extremely tight hair accessories.

Causes of Alopecia
If someone suffers from continuous high fever, he/she may get Alopecia. In women, the hair may fall within 2-3 months after delivery. Another cause of Alopecia may be inadequate amount of protein in diet. A person having thyroid disease can also get Alopecia. Some other common causes of Alopecia are coloring, bleaching, tight braiding, permanent waves, use of hot curlers, blow drying and use of different chemical preparations.

Risk factors of Alopecia
The most common risk factor associated with Alopecia is stress. Some skin diseases like lichen planus, ringworm infection, syphilis are also the risk factors of Alopecia. The bacterial and viral infections, asthma, dermatitis, excessive blow drying or shampooing, and some genetic factors are also Alopecia’s risk factors. In some cases, Alopecia is the result of nutritional deficiency like lack of vitamin B complex, iron and zinc in the diet.

Complications of Alopecia
When it comes to complications of Alopecia, permanent hair loss is suffered by persons affected with Alopecia and this may also lead to thyroid disease.

Diagnosing Alopecia
For any illness, the objective of diagnosis is to find out the root cause of that illness. To identify about the tumor or infection, a biopsy is necessary. The plucked hairs are put under a microscope and then one can easily find out whether it is androgenic alopecia or alopecia areata. Some other tests might also be done to check other autoimmune diseases like lupus because this disease can be accompanied with Alopecia. In case children are diagnosed for Alopecia arerata, the doctor should find out that the loss of hair is not because of trichotillomania, a neurotic habit.

Prevention and Precautions of Alopecia
While hair loss can’t be prevented from any measure, but sometimes it is possible to slow down or stop the effects of Alopecia. Till the regrowth of hair, the affected person may opt to wear hat, wig or any other covering item. The hair loss can be disguised through hairpieces, hairstyle changes, or hair weaves. These approaches are generally considered safest and least expensive approaches to hair loss. When using hairpieces, do not structure them to scalp because it may give infection or scars. So, these are some of the preventive measures and cautions one can take when affected with Alopecia.   

Treatment of Alopecia

Homeopathic Treatment of Alopecia
Homeopathy can successfully treat Alopecia. All kinds of hair loss can be excellently treated with Homeopathy. In just 6-8 weeks, any hair loss is controlled by homeopathy. In this treatment, immune system is altered and the roots of this disease are treated. Most of the cases witness permanent results. Some homeopathic medicines commonly used to treat Alopecia are Arsenic alb, Silicea, Fluoric acid, Natrum M, Lycopodium and Phosphoric acid.

Acupressure and Acupuncture Treatment of Alopecia
Some main techniques used in treatment through acupuncture include rubbing, scrubbing, kneading, pushing, patting, grasping, wiping and rub rolling. Often, creams are combined in treatment through Acupuncture. The head area and distal points are electrically stimulated. When the affected area is tapped with plum blossom, it is considered very effective.

Psychotherapy Treatment of Alopecia
In this treatment, your interaction happens with a specially-trained caregiver. He/she listens and talks to you. Your emotional stress’s cause is determined through this method. Your interaction with this caregiver can happen in the presence of your family member or if you want to interact with the caregiver alone, you can meet him/her alone. Thus, if emotional stress is causing your hair to fall, this treatment will surely help.

Allopathic/Conventional Treatment of Alopecia
During this treatment, you are given medicines like finasteride (Proscar, Propecia) and minoxidil (Rogaine). These drugs promote the growth of hair in significantly less number of patients, especially persons having alopecia areata and male pattern baldness. The regular and continuous use of minoxidil has produced satisfactory results in 50 percent of patients with alopecia areata and one-fourth of androgenic alopecia’s patients. Both these drugs are considered safe for the treatment of Alopecia.

Surgical Treatment of Alopecia
The surgical treatment of Alopecia is Hair transplantation. This procedure is cosmetic surgery and is usually done on scalp. In this treatment, Hair follicles are removed from one portion of the head and planted on the bald area of the head. To do this, the scalp tissue of donor is cut into smaller pieces and placed in every tiny incision (cut) in the bald region. Normally, it is done in severe conditions or when the medicines fail to produce results.

Dietary and Herbal Treatment of Alopecia
In Alopecia, it is important to manage your diet. So, excessive salt usage should be avoided, more and more fruits and vegetables should be consumed. The people suffering from Alopecia should also consume diet rich in vitamins and iron.

Other Treatment of Alopecia
When talked about other treatment of Alopecia, it is found that Yoga therapy can successfully eliminate this disease’s root cause and thus, is the correct approach to manage Alopecia. The different postures of Yoga help in relieving tension from the neck region and indirectly helps in keeping healthy hair. The flow of blood towards the scalp is increased through Padhangushtasana, Shirsasana, and Sarvangasana.

  
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Allergy

What is Allergy
The immune system’s disorder is known as Allergy. Allergy occurs when the immune system of the body overreacts to usually harmless substances. Often allergies result in affecting the quality of life of people. Allergies not only affects the personal lives of people but their professional lives are also affected. There is no limitation to an allergy. It can be anything from itchy eyes, running nose to skin rash. An allergy enflames the sense of sight, smell, touch and taste. The person might feel irritation, fatality and extreme disability.

Symptoms of Allergy
Allergies are not of a single type, there are many types of allergies and therefore, many kinds of symptoms exist. A person suffering from allergy may get the feeling of warmth, tingling and flushing in the mouth, breath shortness, coughing, wheezing, runny nose, sneezing attacks, watery and itchy eyes. Sinus pain and blocked nose are also the common symptoms of allergy. Some people have anxiety as one of the symptom of allergy. People having an allergy related to digestive system can experience uterine or stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhea. Skin allergies have the symptoms as inflamed skin or red rashes.

Causes of Allergy
The allergies are of different type and of all those allergies, the causes can be of different type. The primary cause of allergies is when immune system misunderstands the known allergens as a potential threat. Another very common cause of most allergies is the atmospheric pollution and there are many people who get allergies from their parents or ancestors.

Risk factors of Allergy
The most cases of allergies occur because of avoiding the risk factors. Some of the factors which can increase the risk for developing allergies include the homes where cigarette smoke is present and children are bottle-fed. Beside genetic factors, premature babies and babies born during the high-pollen season remains mostly on the risk to attract allergies.

Complications of Allergy
Allergies are not the only health disorder someone suffers from. Allergies with them brings other health problems also. Some persons suffering from allergies may also get increased blood pressure, breathing difficulties, swelling, nosebleeds or inflammation of sinuses. The younger children may get ear problems in addition to allergy. The infections of upper respiratory are also common additions to allergy. The people who have stuffed nose from allergy may lose their sleep because of blocked nose. Some people who have skin allergy may invite skin infections from scratching the itchy skin.

Diagnosis of Allergy
An allergy can be firmly detected from a number of tests. After evaluating the symptoms, tests are conducted to confirm the type of allergy. The respiratory allergies are confirmed from skin testing. A “scratch test” is most often used. In this test, a tiny amount of probable allergen is placed on the skin of back or arm, and then the skin is scratched or pricked so that the allergen enters the body. After that, the patient is observed so that any reaction to that allergen can be identified. If there is a reaction, the affected area will witness swelling or redness. When it comes to testing, more than one allergens can be tested at a single time.

Precautions and Prevention of Allergy
If some healthy habits are practiced, then the allergies can be prevented at home, school, work, outside, or while traveling. At home exposure to pests should be controlled and while travelling, the car windows should be kept close. If you have spent the time outside, take a shower so that any pollens collected on hair and skin can be washed out. The children going to school should be encouraged to wash hands properly after outside activities like games.         


Treatment of Allergy
Homeopathy treatment of Allergy
Be it any kind of allergy, a homeopathic treatment can cure it. According to many homeopathic physicians, the remedies should be used in the following way – Take first dose and standby for any response. If improvement is observed, the wait should be continued and remedy should be left to work. If improvement significantly lags or completely stops, the patient can be given another dose. Therefore, the dosage frequency varies according to individual and condition. There are some cases which require several doses in an hour, otherwise several doses in a day are recommended. In some case, only a single dose in a day is sufficient. Some commonly used homeopathic medicines for allergy are allium cepa, galsemium, sabadilla, Nux vomica, etc.

Allergy treatment through Acupuncture and Acupressure
A patient is suggested to undergo acupuncture or acupressure therapy to get rid of allergies. With this treatment, the body of a person becomes strong against the allergens. This treatment helps in developing resistance against the culprit substance. Therefore, in future, when the person comes in contact with the same substance, no allergic reaction occurs. This is the desired result from this treatment and when it is obtained, it is said that the patient is free from the ‘allergy’ to that substance.

Hypnotherapy and Psychotherapy Treatment of Allergy
When it comes to curing allergies, hypnotherapy and psychotherapy can prove to be important tools. An allergic disease can be the result of any psychological problem. So, the treatment of patients with allergic disease can be done by resolving the emotional problems.

Allopathic/Conventional Treatment of Allergy
The conventional methods to treat allergy blocks the immune response and in severe cases, the entire immune system is suppressed with steroids. It is seen that patients often become dependent on medicines and many side-effects affects them. More importantly, the overall health of these people is worsened with consistent suppression of immune system. The patients get only symptomatic relief.

Surgical Treatment of Allergy
Based upon the symptoms of an allergy, some surgical treatments are also there. These treatments include Myringotomy, Endoscopic surgery and Laser surgery.

Herbal and Dietary Treatment of Allergy
The patients with food allergy should eliminate the affecting food from their diet. The inflammation stimulating foods like dairy products (full fat), meats, sugar and processed foods should be avoided. Moreover, a diet rich in vegetables and fruits should be taken.

Other Treatment of Allergy
To get rid of allergies, many people globally are helped by yoga. The environmental and seasonal allergies or any other allergies which affects the respiratory system can be easily cured by practicing yoga.

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Alexander Disease

What is Alexander Disease?
Alexander disease is an uncommon genetic nervous system disorder. It belongs to the category of neurological disorders known as leukodystrophies. These are disorders which occur because of myelin abnormalities and myelin is the “white matter” which protects brain’s nerve fibers. Other Names Clinically Used for Alexander Disease - although it is observed that most commonly used term to describe leukodystrophy is Alexander Disease, you may come across several other names for this disease. Clinically Alexander disease is called as Dysmyelogenic leukodystrophy, Dysmyelogenic leukodystrophy with megalobarencephaly, Dysmyelogenic leukodystrophy – Megalobare, Fibrinoid Leukodystrophy, Fibrinoid Degeneration of Astrocytes, Hyaline Panneuropathy, Leukodystrophy with Rosenthal Fibers, Megalencephaly with Hyaline Panneuropathy, and Megalencephaly with Hyaline Inclusion.     

Symptoms of Alexander Disease
There are various symptoms which can help in the detection of Alexander disease. A patient with this disease may feel physical and mental retardation, his/her head and brain expands, and the person may feel stiffness of legs or arms. The patient of Alexander disease also experiences speech abnormalities, enlarged brain, coordination problems, and difficulty in swallowing. Other symptoms include seizures and degeneration.

The symptoms of this disease also vary in three forms i.e., infantile, juvenile and adult-onset. These three forms of symptoms do not guarantee that the symptoms and severity will be limited to a particular form. Amongst these three forms, the dramatic variation between the symptoms and severity can be witnessed. 

Causes of Alexander Disease
The cause of this disease is genetic and it happens to a person in autosomal dominant way. It means that if someone is affected with this disease, then the child of that person holds 50 percent chances to inherit that disease. The major cause of Alexander disease is a defect in GFAP gene. Here, GFAP means Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and its involvement is in cells’ structural development. The studies of this protein’s role in disease and health are still ongoing.

Risk Associated with Alexander Disease
The biggest risk factor associated with Alexander disease is its genetically inherited nature. Some familial cases of Alexander disease when evaluated were found that this disease was more dominant in adult form than juvenile or infantile form.

Complications of Alexander Disease
Many complications occur during the tenure of this disease. If it is diagnosed in an infant, some children die within first year whereas most of them live up to 5-10 years. In case of children between age 4-10 years, the survival sometimes extends but problem in swallowing, vomiting, ataxia, etc. remains all the time. In older patients, besides these symptoms, impaired coordination occurs more often. Usually, death occurs by fifth year after diagnosis.

Diagnosis of Alexander Disease
To check whether a person is affected with Alexander disease or not, a proper diagnosis should be done. In the initial diagnosis phase, your doctor will evaluate the physical symptoms like increased head size, ataxia, mental deterioration, etc. As Alexander disease is a genetically driven disorder, your doctor might ask for the results of some other tests like blood.

Although, the chances are more that the disease will be confirmed after above discussed tests, the doctor may ask for some other tests to be completely sure. The MRI scan and radiologic study will help in precisely diagnosing Alexander disease.

Precautions and prevention of Alexander Disease
When it comes to prevention and precautions of Alexander disease, there is no known preventive measures of Alexander disease. Homeopathy is said to have good effect in improving constitution which can help in prevention of sickness. 

Treatment of Alexander Disease
Till date any cure for Alexander disease is not found. This disease’s treatment is supportive and symptomatic. The patients with Hydrocephaly (a condition where water is found on the brain) may get some partial relief by surgery. In this surgery, a shunt is used to drain away some quantity of the fluid which reduces the pressure on brain. An experiment was done on a child where bone marrow was transplanted but that transplantation didn’t produced any improvement.

Homeopathic Treatment of Alexander Disease
When it comes to treatment of Alexander disease, it is found that Homeopathy can provide some relief because the safest and natural treatment of all neurological disorders is Homeopathy. In a Homeopathic treatment, a person is treated completely. It simply means that in a Homeopathic treatment, a patient is treated on the basis of physical as well as pathological condition.
Through homeopathic treatment, the energy system of person is balanced, immunity is improved and body performs precisely. The disorder’s root cause is cured naturally. Some of the commonly used homeopathic medicines for treating Alexander disease are Hellab, Bar M, Mygal, Bufo and Lath.

Allopathic Treatment of Alexander Disease
In case of allopathic or conventional treatment of Alexander disease, the treatment includes antibiotic therapy for removal of infections. The associated complications can also be managed with it and seizures are treated with anti-epileptic drug therapy.

Alexander Disease’s Scientific Research
This disease is rare and any real prevalence data has not been reported. From the time of first affected person, the reported cases are more than 550. In 293 individuals, GFAP pathogenic variants were confirmed. It is believed that this disorder occurs in racial and ethnic groups. When it was discovered in 2001 that Alexander disease is genetic based, it was considered a great achievement. Since than many methods came into existence to diagnose this disease and at present, the biopsy is not required anymore. The combined results from DNA analysis and MRI pattern helps to diagnose the disease in a better way.

Both the parents should undergo DNA test and if both of them are found normal, the child is sporadic. The other children in the family or other family members can be freed from the suspicion of disease carriers. In case one of the parent is the carrier of disease, then other members in the family remains at risk and should be screened. This also helps the diseased parents to decide whether to have children or not.  The animal models of this disease (in zebrafish and mice) are developed to properly study the GFAP’s role in Alexander disease. There is a hope that the results of these studies will help in developing potential treatments which can further be tested during clinical trials.
      
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Alcoholism

What is alcoholism? 
This is a chronic disease that results from complete psychological and physical dependence on alcohol. It is medically referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD). this disorder mostly results in mental and physical complications.

Causes of alcoholism
Every decision made has a reason, and every ailment also has a cause. Some of the following are what causes alcoholism. It could be caused by environmental or genetic factors relating to an individual.  Scientific studies have deduced that it is highly likely for children born to an alcoholic parent to develop alcohol dependence syndrome compared to the general public. This is attributed to exposure to high-risk factors.

It is not correct to assume that all children of alcoholics become alcoholics. As much as genetic make- up contributes to this, other factors like psychological problems are attributed to causing this disorder. A person having a lot of problems will turn to alcohol which they believe to help improve their moods and the general state of mind.

They will drink in the mindset that drinking alcohol will help them to forget their life's problems and in the long run, this will see them develop the high tolerance to alcohol consumption and later on alcoholism. Another psychological cause of alcohol dependency is depression. Being depressed could lead to taking a few to help in forgetting problems, however, the mood swings displayed mostly by alcoholics are results of depression.

Signs and symptoms of alcoholism
People who depend highly on alcohol could experience withdrawal symptoms which lead to anxiety and depression that only goes away after taking some alcohol. In young people, the leading cause of alcohol consumption is peer pressure and the desire to fit in with a given class of friends. They are in that stage between adulthood and childhood and therefore they will mostly experiment with everything they can.

Risk factors of alcoholism
But why would adults indulge in alcohol consumption? It easy to answer this, most adults keep the friends they had in their younger years. Similarly, the baggage of wounds and childhood troubles still haunt them thus they seek solace in the bottle. most will take more than five beer bottles. Some could be having work-related or marital problems that they would love to get away from for some time.

Diagnosis of alcoholism
How is alcoholism diagnosed by a doctor?  Normally a person is requested to fill out a questionnaire or is asked one on one questions by the medical practitioner. Since there is no certified method for this diagnosis, asking questions from friends and family aids highly in determining if a person suffers from ADS.

How would you tell that a person is suffering from alcohol dependence syndrome? The tell-tale signs include the following; first and foremost, they start being dirty and unkempt, appearing late to work or school, lagging behind in all activities related to their work and or studies. Having constant black holes in their memory where they cannot explain certain actions or situations.

Such a person could start having incorrigible and slurred speech continuously. When you notice someone who was previously meticulous becoming clumsy and losing balance then you should definitely be worried as they could be suffering from alcohol dependency. They may also experience extreme stomach pains, nausea, and even severe vomiting.

When somebody starts being reckless and doesn’t worry much about consequences, they could be suffering from ADS. Neglection of one’s personal life and responsibilities such as family could also be an indicator that the person has now been married to alcohol. If a person also starts having bad hangovers and even takes longer to recover from them, he/ she is definitely in need of help.If someone has trouble not drinking, that is a withdrawal symptom and the person requires instant assistance.

Complications of alcoholism
Alcohol like any other abused drug has a few risk factors. High consumption of alcohol places one under the threat of contracting chronic diseases like cancer of the throat, mouth (lips) and liver. Those who use both tobacco and alcohol are at a higher risk of contracting cancer. Exposure to alcohol at an early age definitely contributes to alcoholism later In live just as having a family with a long history of alcoholism.las but not least, continued consumption of alcohol over a long period of time gives a person tolerance and eventually leads to alcoholism.

Some complications, for example, damage to the blood-forming system which could result in anemia, cardiovascular complications may also result from this alcohol dependence, this results from weakened heart muscles. This may lead to irregular or abnormal heartbeat rates, heart failure or even high blood pressure. The nervous system could also be damaged leading to a person’s loss of balance and speech coordination.

Apart from physical and chronic complications, a person's social life also suffers as a result of alcoholism. This, for instance, is explicable in severed relationships at familial and work levels. Alcoholism has cost many a person their jobs and families. Those who suffer most in such a family are the children.

Alcoholism may also have a psychological effect on the users. Persons, who have the ADS, suffer from mood swings and depression upon intake of the alcoholic drinks. They will also have mental disorders caused by the continued use of alcohol. You will find out that most people who commit suicide are people suffering from ADS.

Precautions and prevention of alcoholism
Prevention of alcohol consumption could be assisted by increased prices for the alcoholic drinks. Another measure that can be taken is by introducing youth education programmes to teach about dangers of alcohol consumption. These dangers could also be taught in school to enlighten school going children and dissuade them from getting into alcoholic habits.

Treatment of alcoholism
What treatment is offered for this disorder? Listed here are some of the treatments offered. First is the acupuncture treatment and the psychotherapy and hypnotherapy treatment which involves the victim seeing a psychiatrist for therapy sessions to help them get better. Another remedy for this is the establishment of support groups for such persons where they help each other to get better. Homeopathic treatment is also another form of treatment for this disorder. In addition to this, alcoholism can be treated with change of diet and inclusion of herbs in the diet taken, acupressure and last but not least, the conventional treatment of alcoholism is also included.



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Alcoholic Hepatitis

What is alcoholic hepatitis?
Alcoholic hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by excessive consumption of alcohol for a long period of time. This could also cause other complications such as liver Cirrhosis, Excessive bleeding or even complete liver failure. One should therefore be cautious not to overindulge in alcohol consumption.

Causes of alcoholic hepatitis
But what is the reason behind alcoholic hepatitis? It could be caused by a few factors as shown below. As generally known, the liver performs the role of detoxification of the body. But when excessive alcohol is consumed and passes through the liver, its procession causes the production of highly toxic chemicals that injure liver cells causing inflammation which eventually leads to alcoholic hepatitis.

Signs and symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis can be characterized by the following signs and symptoms.  They may be varied depending on the extent of damage caused to the liver damage to the liver. If you are suffering from mild alcoholic hepatitis, you may not experience any symptoms at all. Nonetheless, if the damage progresses to higher levels, you may start experiencing the following signs:

Having inexplicable changes in appetite, having a constant dryness in the mouth, progressive loss in body mass, a lot of nausea and vomiting. You may also feel a lot of pain in the abdomen and it may be swollen, yellowing of the eyes and skin which is commonly known as jaundice, being fatigued most of the time, increased fever and mental instability. Last but not least, you may experience easy bruising and bleeding in case of an injury.

Complications of alcoholic hepatitis
There are complications that are associated with this disorder including;
Jaundice, kidney failure, cirrhosis of the liver. Enlarged veins commonly referred to as varices could also be complications related to this disorder among others.

Risk factors of alcoholic hepatitis
Since this condition does not affect all people who use alcohol in excessive, it may be caused by some of these other factors, they include;
Factors resulting from the genetic components and how your body processes alcohol.
Other liver infections such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C and other disorders like liver cirrhosis.
If you suffer from malnutrition, this increases your chances of contracting the disease.
Having high body mass, being overweight or basically obese also puts you at risk of catching the disease.
If you take alcohol without the accompaniment of a meal, it also raises your chances of getting the disease.
Gender is another factor that may endanger you especially if you are a woman as men’s bodies are wired in a way that they break down alcohol different from women’s bodies.
Race and your ethnicity contribute to getting you on high-risk scales mostly if you are of the black ethnicity in general.

Diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis
What does the diagnosis of this disorder consist of? The following are ways in which it can be diagnosed; first, if you show the symptoms of the disorder, your doctor will ask you some questions concerning your health in the past years and whether you have engaged in alcohol consumption. An examination to determine the state of your liver or spleen may be considered to determine whether it is enlarged. Tests that may be conducted to confirm your diagnosis include:
Tests to establish your blood count in complete.
Tests to determine the functionality of your liver.
Tests to show how well your blood clotting is.
A liver ultrasound may be conducted to determine its health.
A CT scan for the abdomen in order to determine if there is any problem with it.
If a liver biopsy is ordered, it is to confirm the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis. Although it is a high-risk procedure which requires extraction of a tissue sample of the liver, it will indicate how severe the damage and also to confirm the type of liver disease you may be suffering from.

Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis
The treatment and management of this condition include ingestion of medicines that will help reduce inflammation to the liver and help boost its functions. Vitamins may be prescribed to help build up vitamins and other nutrient supplements in case you suffer from malnourishment. However, if the damage is severe, you may be advised to get a liver transplant to help correct the condition.

For you to get a transplant, you will require proof that you will abstain from alcohol consumption which means that you may require undergoing treatment in the form of psychotherapy to be guided on how to gradually cease from alcohol consumption completely.

Other forms of treatment for this condition are the use of homeopathic treatment procedures. It involves helping you to overcome addiction problems and gradually getting the liver to its normal functions. The focus of this treatment is basically on the whole body meaning that it focuses on you as a person and your complete pathology. It aids in the balance of the body’s energy system and improves the body immunity and general functions.

Conventional treatment is also another form of treatment that comes in handy in the management of this disorder. The process of this method of treatment involves administration of medicines such as corticosteroids or pentoxifylline which are very effective in reduction of liver inflammation and restoration of normal liver functions.

 Tube feeding may also be recommended for you if you are having trouble feeding. A tube may, therefore, be inserted into your stomach through your mouth which facilitates your feeding on a liquid diet that is rich in nutrients. Generally, if you are suffering from severe alcoholic hepatitis you may need close monitoring and observation by a gastroenterologist or a hepatologist especially if your level of severity is in need of services only offered in the intensive care unit.

As much as there may be treatment for this condition available, prevention is always better than a cure itself thus it is highly recommended for you to take the initiative of desisting and abstaining from alcohol consumption if you desire to be in good health.

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Albinism

What is albinism
People often wonder what albinism is. It is a congenital disorder which results in the skin, eyes, or hair to have little or no color. It is highly associated with visionary disorders. There are different types of albinism including; oculocutaneous albinism which affects the hair, eyes and skin. Ocular albinism which is as a result of a mutation of the x-chromosome.

Other forms of albinism are the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome which is  not a common albinism disorder brought about by a mutation in one of a single gene in different eight genes.. The disorder is not as common in other parts of the world as it is Puerto Rico. The signs and symptoms shown by these people are very similar to those shown by people who suffer from oculocutaneous albinism, although they may develop lung and bowel diseases, bleeding disorders.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a kind of albinism which is rare and is associated with mutations in the LYST gene. The signs and symptoms are very like those seen in oculocutaneous albinism; the hair coloration is mostly in brown, blond which may have a silvery sheen, however, the skin color is mostly cream-white to a gray color. Those suffering from this defect have a disease in which they have problems with production of leucocytes which exposes them to infections.

Causes of albinism
What causes albinism? It is caused by different factors one of which is the x- chromosome mutation, a defect in one of the genes that are responsible for the melanin distribution in the body. This defect causes lack of melanin or reduced production of melanin. This disorder is passed down from parents to children thus causing albinism.

Signs and symptoms of albinism
If you see some of these signs and symptoms in a person, they might be suffering from albinism. They will have lighter skin coloring, hair or eyes, they will also lack color in the eyes, skin, and hair, parts of their skin may be lacking in color. The appearance of their skin will be milky white.

Other symptoms that may be associated with albinism include problems with the eyes and vision. People suffering from albinism will suffer from photophobia, they might have crossed eyes, others will have involuntary eye movements rapidly, or they could have impaired vision, and seeing blurred image due to misshapen corneas.

Risk factors of albinism
For one to suffer from this defect, some factors are highly related to this. The risk factors for this defect are mainly being born by parents who suffer from albinism. It could be both or one of the parents. If either of the parents has the albinism gene even if it is recessive, children are at a high risk of being born with this defect. In addition to that, if a family has a history of people with albinism, it is highly likely for a person to be born with this defect.

Diagnosis of albinism
The diagnosis for albinism could be based solely on the appearance of one’s skin. An electroretinogram examination should be conducted by the specialist in order to determine which visionary problems one could be suffering from.

Complications of albinism
There are however complications that are associated with carrying this defect. Having no skin pigmentation, leads to the person’s skin being irritated by direct exposure to sun rays causing them to suffer from sunburns, some people with this defect are at high risk of contracting skin cancer and last but not least, being shunned in the community and being viewed as freaks of nature and having to answer endless questions there are no answers to them.

Other complications people with this disorder may have included, Freckles on their faces, the appearance of moles on parts of their bodies, these moles may be black due to exposure to sun rays, or they could be pink in color depending on pigmentation and melanin levels. lentigines may also occur on some parts of their bodies, these are large spots similar to freckles. They may also develop the ability to turn as they age gradually.

Treatment of albinism
Albinism could be treated in any of the following ways; even though there is no established cure for this defect, having relief from the complications associated with it could be a remedy for the people who suffer from it. Donning sunglasses to help protect the eyes from the sun rays which could cause irritation, putting on protective clothing and using sunscreen to protect the skin from direct exposure and finally eyeglasses could be prescribed to help correct eye disorders associated with albinism.

Antibiotics could be prescribed for these persons to help lessen their complications. Another method of treatment is through surgery in severe cases of eye movement disorders in order to correct the problematic eye muscles. Transplantation could also come in handy for albinism patients as chegak- higashi patients could undergo bone marrow transplantation to assist in correcting this disorder by improving the immune system and bleeding problems.

The homeopathic treatment uses medicines that stimulate the Melanocyte function to enable the production of the body’s normal Melanin pigmentation responsible for skin coloration. Once treatment commences, the skin becomes pink then, turns brown and finally starts to get pigmented gradually. The success is dependent on the skin patches and the amount of time when one has been having the defect.

Even if there is no established cure for this defect, it is better to prevent the complications. As the saying goes, they say that prevention is better than cure. Using the above-mentioned precaution measures surely goes a mile in helping those suffering from this defect to have as much comfort as is available in their day to day activities. Another measure that can be taken is for parents who have this defect or that suspect they could be carriers to seek medical counseling with regards to decisions concerning becoming parents in the future.

In conclusion, people with albinism are normal like the rest of the populace, while they may lack the skin coloring pigment, they are normal people who should not be subjected to prejudice due to their defect. Albinism is not a disability; therefore these people should be treated equally in all aspects.


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Airplane Ear

What is airplane ear?
It is the pressure or strain exerted on the middle tissues of your year and your eardrum. This happens when there is an imbalance of the air pressure in your middle ear tissues and the external environment. It is called airplane ear as you may experience it during ascension and descension of a flight. This happens when a flight is ascending or descending causing an imbalance between the ear and the environment leading to airplane ear. This disorder is also referred to as aerotitis or barotrauma. It can be corrected by acts such as chewing, yawning or even swallowing.

What are the signs and symptoms of Airplane Ear?
This disorder may affect you in both ears and it is characterized by the following signs and symptoms; slight hearing loss resulting from muffled hearing, moderate pain in the ear or stuffiness in your ears. Other signs include, vertigo ( a spinning sensation) continued ringing in your ears, bleeding and vomiting caused by vertigo and you could also experience severe pain in the ears. You may need to see a doctor if you experience this disorder for a period longer than a few hours.

What are the causes of Airplane Ear?
This disorder is a result of an imbalance in the air pressure between the outside environment and the middle ear causing the eardrum not to vibrate normally. Regulation of air is done by the Eustachian tube which is a passage between the middle ear and the nasal pharynx. Your Eustachian tube may not react fast enough in instances of rapid change in air pressure for example during flight take off and landing.

Involuntary acts such as yawning, chewing and swallowing help correct this disorder another factor that could be a cause is your proximity to an explosion which may lead to continued stuffiness and ringing of the ears accompanied by moderate pain. Scuba diving which involves complete submersion of the body into water could also lead to this disorder since water could gain entry into the ears leading to blockage of the Eustachian tube. Riding in an elevator could also cause this disorder in a minor way.

What are the risk factors associated with Airplane Ear?
Conditions related to the Eustachian tube put you at risk of getting the disorder. Other risk factors that are common include; if you are born with a smaller than normal Eustachian tube. This is more common in toddlers and infants. If you also suffer from sinus infections and common colds, you are at a higher risk of getting the disease. Allergic rhinitis and otitis media also contribute to getting this disorder. If you are fond of sleeping during ascension and landing of an airplane, you risk getting airplane ear disease.

What are some of the complications associated with Airplane Ear?
Suffering from airplane ear can cause you some of the following complications depending on the severity level of your disorder. It may cause you permanent hearing loss or chronic tinnitus and vertigo. Most of the time you may be able to correct this disorder through involuntary actions like yawning and swallowing.

How do you prevent Airplane Ear?
By using the following precautionary measures, you may as well avoid getting airplane air.
You may purchase an OTC nasal spray for decongesting your nose if it is congested. It is advisable to use this approximately forty-five minutes before takeoff or landing.

Earplugs that are filtered aid in balancing pressured exerted on your eardrum during take-off and landing. These are readily available in clinics, gift shops and even in pharmacies. Involuntary activities including yawning, chewing and swallowing aid in activation of muscles responsible for the opening of the Eustachian tube thus helping counter the airplane ear.

Bowing repeatedly in a manner in which you can mimic blowing your nose while holding your nostrils and keeping your mouth open helps in equalizing the air pressure outside and inside your ear especially during landing. You should avoid sleeping during take-off and landing since when you are awake you are able to conduct the self-care measures upon feeling pressure in your ears.

You should avoid traveling in case you have a cold, a sinus infection, nasal congestion or if you are suffering from an ear infection and you had a recent ear surgery. Allergy medication is recommended if you have allergies. You are advised to take it an hour before the flight. In case you require traveling by air frequently, you may need placement of surgical tubes in your eardrums to help in the drainage of fluids, to help with ventilation of your middle ear and to stabilize the air pressure in and outside your ears.

How is the diagnosis for Airplane Ear done?
You will be asked questions by your doctor to help in your diagnosis; you may also undergo an otoscope examination to determine the severity of your condition. A bulged eardrum is a sign of airplane ear disorder. Damage to your inner structures could cause vertigo and your doctor may request an audiometry test to tell if your sound detection is functional.

Treatment and management of Airplane Ear.
In most cases, this disorder heals on its own as time goes by. However, if the severity of the symptoms increases, you may require additional treatment. Methods used to manage this disorder include;
Prescription medication or over the counter medication to control the progression of airplane ear and other conditions that may hinder the proper functioning of the Eustachian tube. The medicine includes decongestants both oral and nasal and oral anti-allergy drugs

Homeopathic prescriptions are excellent methods of treating this disease. They are recommended depending on the signs and symptoms you may show. Acupuncture and acupressure are also used in the management of airplane ear. Tiny sharp needles are placed into your ear near the nerve endings to help relieve pressure on the damaged nerves.

Together with the prescribed medicine, your physician may recommend Valsalva maneuver which is a form of physical therapy involving pinching your nostrils and opening your mouth to force air gently into your nostrils. Psychotherapy accompanies the other forms of treatment where you are helped in dealing with the signs, symptoms, and complications resulting from airplane ear to avoid mental stress and depression.
Surgery can be used as a method of treating airplane ear though it is a rare method. Incisions on your eardrum can be made in order to equalize air pressure and remove fluids.


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Agoraphobia

What is agoraphobia? 
This is an anxiety disorder where you will feel the need to avoid places and situations that that may make them feel trapped and helpless, embarrassed, panicked and scared. You might get panic attacks when you get yourself in a stressful situation. In case you are headed to a situation you dread; you might also feel this attack. Though the general assumption is that this is a fear of open spaces, it is more complicated than that.

Causes of agoraphobia
The exact cause of agoraphobia is not really known. Nonetheless, some factors are attributed to causing agoraphobia. They include;
If you suffer from depression, you are likely to develop agoraphobia, if you also suffer from other phobias like the fear of open spaces and enclosed spaces.
Other types of anxiety disorders like the obsessive-compulsive disorder and the generalized anxiety disorder could also lead to you developing agoraphobia.
If you also suffer from a history of either bodily abuse or sexual abuse, you could also develop this disorder due to trauma experienced. Or if you have had a problem with substance abuse, or family history of agoraphobia. This disorder affects women more than it does men, usually at a younger age.

Symptoms of agoraphobia
If you elicit the following symptoms, you could be suffering from agoraphobia. They include;
The sense of helplessness and fear of being alone in any situation. Being over-dependency on others.
Having the fear of losing control and embarrassing yourself in a public place. Having panic attacks and lightheadedness, trouble in breathing and excessive sweating.
If you are suffering from agoraphobia, you are likely to be;
Afraid of being in open spaces alone for a long time, in addition to this, you may also be afraid of being in places where escape would be hard for example, in elevators.
If you suffer from panic attacks associated with agoraphobia, you may also have the following symptoms; chest pains and increased heart rates, trembling and hot flushes accompanied by sweating and you may also tremble and experience tingling sensations.

Risk factors of agoraphobia
You may be at a high risk of suffering from this anxiety disorder if you have a history of suffering from other anxiety disorders if you are of the female gender and are aged between the ages of 20 -40, your chances of getting the disorder are increased. If you have had stressful events that left you traumatized, it elevates your chances of developing agoraphobia together with alcohol and other substance abuse.

Complications of agoraphobia
If you suffer from agoraphobia, you may go through some complications like instances of unforeseen panic attacks, depression, and anxiety. This may limit your life’s activities and social relationships. This disorder may also cause you problems at both work and school.

Diagnosis of agoraphobia
A doctor will diagnose you with this disorder through signs and symptoms by asking you to answer questions relating to your signs and symptoms. Family and medical history are also considered when conducting a diagnosis. To rule out physical causes for your symptoms, you may undergo a blood test.

For your symptoms to be confirmed as agoraphobia related, you must have a phobia of at least two of the following situations. Fear of using public means of transport or claustrophobia for places such as building basements. Being in a crowd or open spaces or being away from home. Having constant panic attacks that are followed by losing control and heart attacks which result in changes in behavior. In case your symptoms are brought about by another disorder, you will not be diagnosed with agoraphobia.

Precautions and prevention of agoraphobia
Though there is no proven way of preventing agoraphobia, you should seek treatment sooner than later to help you prevent worsening of the situation. You should not let the symptoms worsen as they may interfere with your day to day activities. There are a number of different treatments for agoraphobia. You’ll most likely need a combination of treatment methods.

Treatment of agoraphobia
Various treatment methods for this disorder include the following. Psychotherapy treatment where you will see a psychiatrist on regular occasions. This will help you talk about any fears you may be having and anything that may be leading to those fears. Some medication may be prescribed for effective progress. It is, however, a short-term method of treatment which stops once you are able to cope with your fears and anxiety.

There are different types of psychotherapy involved in the management of agoraphobia. They include;

Behavior therapy which exposes the patient to situations that are what  they fear. Cognitive Therapy which involves you being made to examine their thought process and differentiate, for themselves the harmful and unwanted thought patterns so that they can gradually change their process of thinking and thus overcome their fears. Cognitive -Behavior Therapy (CBT) is all about helping you to rid yourself the unwanted responses to situations and learn how to react in a different manner.
Relaxation Techniques which involves you learning to take breaths if faced with these fearful situations. This helps you to cope with stress you may encounter in your daily activities.
Hypnotherapy is another form of treatment where your therapist hypnotizes you and explores your mind to establish the cause of these thoughts of fear. Energy Psychology involves you being helped your doctor to focus your energy on positive thoughts thus diverting your phobic thoughts to something else. Though it is similar to acupuncture, there are no needles involved.

Another form of treatment for this disorder is the homeopathic method of treatment which aids in calming the constant panic attacks, other sensations that are unpleasant and getting rid of the fears associated with this disorder.

Acupuncture and acupressure treatment for this disorder involves the use of needles to help you in focusing on the pain and therefore subverting your attention from fear triggers and on to the pain, you are experiencing. This method has been very effective in the treatment and management of agoraphobia.


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Age Spots

What are Age Spots? 
Age spots or liver spots are blemishes on the skin linked with aging and contact with ultraviolet radiation from the sun. They normally occur in places that are exposed to sun e.g. forehead, face, hands, and arms. They vary in color from light brown to red or black. When an individual is over 40 years, the skin is less able to rejuvenate from sun exposure hence liver spots especially to those individuals who spend more time in the sun. These spots are known to obscure the recognition of skin cancer. Despite being a kind condition, they are sometimes regarded unpleasant and some people tend to have them removed.


Sign and symptoms of age spots
Age spots are more frequent with light skinned persons. However, they may also affect dark-skinned persons. Common signs of age spots include the following:
Even, egg-shaped of enlarged pigmentation which is distinct from the rest of the skin.
They may be tan, brown or black in color.
They are more visible in most exposed areas of the skin for example; the back of your hands, top of your feet, on the face, shoulders and on your upper back.
These spots are rather painless and have a similar texture with your normal skin compared to spots caused by skin infections.

Causes of age spots
In most areas of your skin are exposed to sun or other forms of ultraviolet rays, you are more likely to experience age spots. If your skin type produces abnormally high melanin, you are most likely to experience age spots at a tender age.

Risk factors of age spots
Anybody can develop age spots but there is a higher probability of experiencing them if you are
Older than 40 years have a fair skin, frequent sun exposure or any other form of ultraviolet rays.
and with fair skin.

Diagnosis of age spots
For proper diagnosis of age spots, your doctor may visually inspect your skin to check any signs of age spots. This is followed by a skin biopsy to confirm whether you are really experiencing age spots or other forms of abnormal skin conditions such as skin cancer.

Prevention of age spots
You can reduce your chances of getting age spots by wearing a sunscreen on a daily basis. The sunscreen that you will use should have a sun protection factor that rate at least 15 and contain both UVA AND UVB protection. You are also advised to avoid the sun between 10 am and 3 pm when the rays are most intense. You can also apply sunscreen at least half an hour before sun exposure. If you are swimming or perspiring, reapply every two hours. You may also wear protective clothing such as hats, pants or long sleeved shirts. For total protection, wear ultraviolet blocking clothes with a protection factor of 40 to 50.These clothing will help protect your skin from ultraviolet rays.

Treatment of age spots
You may treat aging spots in either of the following ways: Medications. Prescribed bleaching creams that you may use alone or with retinoid and a mild steroid may gradually fade the spots over a period of time. You are also advised to use the broad-spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor for  at least 30  days. This method of treating age spots may cause advanced complications to your skin such as; temporary itching, redness, burning or dryness.

Another way of treating age spots is by freezing them. A freezing agent such as liquid nitrogen can be applied to areas of your skin that have age spots. The freezing agent will destroy the extra melanin causing the spots. Your skin will appear less dark as the age spots heal. This method may result in slight complications such as an irritation on your skin which might cause permanent scars.
Dermabrasion. It is a procedure that involves sanding down the surface layer of your skin with a speedily rotating brush. This leads to removal of the skin surface facilitating the growth of a new skin surface. You could develop scabs which make your skin  to appear bruised

Chemical peel. This process involves applying an acid. The acid will burn the outer layer of your skin hence the age spots. New skin forms as your skin peels. You are advised for sun protection following this treatment. If you go for this treatment, there is a risk of skin discoloration. Temporary irritation is also possible.

Aging spots can also be treated by use of homeopathy.This method, have great results for getting back healthy skin. It treats an individual as a whole as well as his pathological condition. The treatment balances the energy system improves your immune system and body functions. It normally cures the source cause of the disorder. Some homeopathic medicines for age spots are:
 balances the energy system, improves immunity and body functions. It naturally cures the root cause of the disorder. 

Acupuncture is effective for treating Age spots. It provides immediate aid for acute symptoms and can provide important and long lasting relief from recurrent skin conditions.

Conventional treatment involves applying a drug called hydroquinone and a prescription corticosteroid, which is used to counteract the inflammatory effects of the hydroquinone. Conventional techniques for improving the appearance of age spots include bleaches, freezing, acid washes, pulsed light and traditional laser treatments.

Surgical Treatment of Age Spots. Age spots can also be treated by conducting laser and intense therapy on your skin. This method works by destroying melanin-producing cells without destroying the skin surface. The practice needs to be done repeatedly over a period of time that can run over weeks or sometimes months. As compared to other methods the therapy has lesser complications the most common being slight skin discoloration which may be corrected by skin protection after intense therapy.

Dietary & Herbal Treatment of Age Spots. They can also be treated by being responsible for what one consumes. You can take fresh raw fruits and vegetables. Drink plenty of clean water. Avoid substances that contain caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco. Avoid as much as possible fried foods, junk, and fast foods.

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Adult Thyroid Disorder

What is Adult Thyroid Disorder
Adult thyroid disorders are as a result of the malfunction of the thyroid gland s responsible for production of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). There are two types of adult thyroid disorders namely hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The former is caused by too much production of TSH while the later results from too low production of the TSH. These disorders mostly affect women in the middle age class and those in the older age bracket in between forty and above sixty years respectively.

Causes of Adult Thyroid Disorder
Hyperthyroidism could be caused by an autoimmune disorder known as Grave's disease which leads to antibodies stimulating the thyroid to produce too much of the TSH. This occurs more in women than men and could be caused by genetic factors since It is related to Grave’s disease.

It could also be caused by other factors such as; Having  excess iodine levels which is a key component in manufacture of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Inflammations of the thyroid glands leading to leakage of T4 and T3 hormones from the gland. Ingestion of tetraiodothyronine in medicine or food supplement is also a cause of this disorder. Last but not least, the presence of tumors in the pituitary gland could also cause hyperthyroidism.

Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, is as a result of thyroiditis which causes upset, irritation and inflammation which is harmful to the thyroid gland cells. This could be caused by infections of the thyroid glands or a cold, a woman could also get this as a result of post-pregnancy thyroiditis. It could also be as a result of the use of radiation care for the brain, some drugs, and excessive use of radioactive iodine used as a treatment for hyperthyroidism.

Sign and symptoms of Adult Thyroid Disorder
Hyperthyroidism is characterized by some of the following tell-tale signs; high metabolism resulting from the thyroid hormones T4 and T3, this, in turn, leads to a higher heart rete and heightened breathing and blood pressure. This could also lead to loss of body mass and irregular menses in women.

The thyroid gland could become swollen into a goiter in a symmetrical way or lodged on one side. You could also experience anxiety, increased appetite, lack of concentration, general body fatigue, and insomnia. Your hair could become brittle, you could have a heartbeat that isn't regular, nauseousness and vomiting and men could develop breasts.

Signs associated with hypothyroidism include; general body fatigue and sluggishness. Depression can be noticed if you are suffering from this disorder. Increased body weigh is another noticeable sign of this disorder. If you are suffering from this disorder, you become highly intolerable to cold, you feel sleepy most of the times. If you notice dryness of the skin and constipation, you could be having the disorder and should seek medical  attention.If all of a sudden you start experiencing muscle cramps, having joint aches and swelling of the legs accompanied by loss of concentration and higher levels of cholesterol, you should see a doctor.

Risk factors of Adult Thyroid Disorder
Risk factors for thyroid disorders are mostly genetic related if you have a relative suffering from the disorder, you at a high risk of getting it. Being of a specific gender especially being a woman also raises your chances of getting the disease the same way having an autoimmune disorder such as diabetes type 1 or Grave’s disorder.

Complications of Adult Thyroid Disorder
Like any other disease, this disorder has a few complications such as being in a comatose state for some time, increased fever levels, increased blood pressure or low blood pressure, changed hear beat patterns, enlargement of the liver causing jaundice, loss of weight, general body weakness and anxiety.

Diagnosis of Adult Thyroid Disorder
How are these disorders diagnosed? Getting tested in the laboratory to establish the level of thyroid stimulating hormones and other thyroid hormones. A thyroid biopsy can be conducted to establish if you are suffering from any other thyroid disorder like cancer which could increase complications. You can also go through functional simulation tests to determine whether the pituitary or thyroid glands are the cause of your symptoms of adult thyroid disorder. You could also be subjected to an ultrasound or a thyroid scan to give better views on the condition of your thyroid nodules and glands.

Prevention of Adult Thyroid Disorder
Since prevention is way better than the cure, you are advised to be cautious about the lifestyle you indulge in. here are some prevention measures you could undertake.  It is advisable to consume larger amounts of regular iodine, to keep away from taking a smoke or two even if the urge hits, take measures to reduce your body weight if you happen to be overweight, and undertake exercises that help reduce stress and anxiety such as jogging and yoga.

Treatment of Adult Thyroid Disorder
For treatment of this disorder, apart from conventional treatment you could use the homeopathic method of treatment since it helps restore the normal structure and function of the thyroid glands. It is used to stimulate the production of normal thyroid hormone levels. Another alternative method of treatment is the acupuncture and acupressure treatment which helps in restoration of hormonal balance, energy levels regulation and help in sleep and emotions management as well as menstrual problems. Conventional treatment is also administered through the prescription of medicines like carbimazole which assist in the regulation of the TSH and T3 and T4 hormones which then lead to normal functioning of the thyroid glands.

Psychotherapy is also recommended to help you in the reduction of emotional stress resulting from the complications and symptoms of this disorder which may leave you drained. In addition to this, changes in your diet could take you a mile in treating this disorder and as a last resort, surgery could be used as a method of treatment which involves removal of the thyroid glands that may be causing breathing and swallowing problems. This could result in hypothyroidism which can be managed through the use of thyroid hormone therapy.


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Adult Still’s Disease

What is referred to as adult still’s disease or the (ASD)?
Adult Still's disease is a type of arthritis which causes inflammation, severe fever, rashes and pain in the joint muscles. You may suffer from this disease in one instance but most of the times, it is recurrent. This inflammation can cause the destruction of the joints that are affected in particular the wrist appendages. Adult Still’s Disease is viewed as a type of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and known as the systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Causes of adult still’s disease
There is no known cause for the ASD though researchers suspect that it is as a result of an infection caused by antigens in the body.

Signs and symptoms of adult still’s disease
Mostly if you are suffering from this disease, you will show the following signs and symptoms;
You may get a sore throat which is usually one of the first indicators of having this disease. It leads to the swelling of the lymphatic nodes in your neck area making them soft, tender and painful to the touch. You may also develop rash on your torso and the limbs which result to your skin turning to pink in the affected areas. This rash is usually accompanied by a severe fever.

You may also contract a fever for close to seven or more days which gets higher in the late hours of the afternoon towards evening. This fever may be of an abnormal nature as it could disappear in between the hours. Pain and swelling of your joints may be another indicator that you have the ASD. The knee and wrist joints are the most affected. You might feel pain or stiffness in these areas as a result of inflammation of the joint muscles. Other areas with joints like the ankles and elbows may also feel the effects of the inflammation. You could also experience severe muscular pain to the extent of skipping your daily activities. Loss of appetite, nausea and loss of body weight are also symptoms of this disease.

However, if you experience the above mentioned signs and symptoms, accompanied by pain in the chest and difficulty in breathing, it is highly recommended you visit a physician immediately.

Risk factors of adult still’s disease
Age is the only known factor that could place you in the danger of getting this disease. It can appear in the ages between 15 and 36 years. It can appear in two phases; the first one between 15- 25 years and the second one between the ages of 25-36 years. It affects both and men equally.

Complications of adult still’s disease
This disease can cause the following complications for you if you are suffering from it. They include;
Heart inflammation as a result of inflammation of the myocardial and the pericardial muscles of the heart.

Chronic inflammation can damage your joints. The most commonly involved joints are your knees and wrists. Your neck, foot, finger and hip joints also may be affected, but much less frequently. It could also cause fluid to build up in the areas surrounding your lungs making breathing hard for you. Pain in the joints and muscles is also another complication attributed to the ASD. Last but not least, it could lead to development of macrophage activation syndrome which is a highly detrimental to your health as it causes decreased blood cell count and affects the normal functioning of the liver.

Diagnosis of adult still’s disease
It is very hard for doctors to give the correct diagnosis since other diseases such as lyme disease and mononucleosis depict similar symptoms. You may need to take some lab tests to help determine if you are suffering from Adult Still’s Disease. To check the level of ferritin in your blood as it is always higher in people suffering from ASD, you may need a blood test.
Other symptoms such as elevated abnormal fever patterns, rash on the torso and limbs, and painful and swollen joints will help the doctor in establishing and giving the correct diagnosis together with your blood tests. An enlarged spleen or liver could also be used in determining the nature of the diagnosis.


Treatment of adult still’s disease
Even though it has not been possible to take precautious and preventive measures for Adult Still’s Disease, if you have been diagnosed, controlling the symptoms and the progression of the disease which help you to reduce and prevent further complications.Since the first signs of adult still’s disease are mostly followed by arthritis, focus will be on treatment used in dealing with it. Prescription of prednisone is the commonest form of treatment.

Biologic therapy could be used as a method of treatment. It is mainly intended for the control of symptoms such as inflammation and side effects of other forms of treatment for example, heightened erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It is also aimed at preventing damage to other body organs for instance, joints or muscular destruction.

Conventional anti-rheumatic drugs which are disease modifying have been used in the treatment and management of patients suffering from adult still’s disease in most cases. Treatment begins with prescription of corticosteroid meant to control general manifestations of adult still’s disease.
Biologic agents such as antagonists and receptor blockers have been used together with methotrexate, cyclosporine to treat adult still’s disease refractory to corticosteroids. In case you are suffering from a chronic case of Adult Still's Disease, you may possibly require medications to smother your immune system and to manage arthritis and other symptoms. You may take more than one medication at the simultaneously and you may need to take these for a long time. You take some medications by ingestion and others through injection.

Other medicines that are prescribed for this disease include;   Azathioprine (Imuran) ,  Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), Cyclosporine (Neoral), Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) ,
Methotrexate (Rheumatrex),  Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) among other medicines. There is no established cure for this disease yet, but he above listed medication is to help you reduce the pain and avert complications.

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